Result: BOP% decreased significantly in the Lumoral® group in several studies. *1, *2, *3, *4, *9

• p-values: 0.031, 0.00142, 0.00013, 0.00014, <0.0001 (non-smokers).

Visible Plaque Index (VPI%): significantly reduced in several studies.² ⁴ ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹²

• p-values: 0.031; 0.00452; 0.044; 0.00395; 0.019

Rustogi Modified Plaque Index (RMPI): significant reduction.¹⁰

• p-value: 0.0026

Greene-Vermilion Plaque Index (GVPI): significant reduction.⁶

• p-value: <0.000110

Probing Pocket Depth (PPD): significant reduction in three studies.² ⁴ ⁹

• p-values: 0.04982; 0.00434; 0.019

Periodontal Epithelial Surface Area (PESA): significant reduction in two studies.² ⁴

• p-values: 0.0342; 0.0094

Probing Pocket Depth (PPD): significant reduction in three studies.² ⁴ ⁹

• p-values: 0.04982; 0.00434; 0.019

Periodontal Epithelial Surface Area (PESA): significant reduction in two studies.² ⁴

• p-values: 0.0342; 0.0094

Results: Significant reduction in two studies (final report under peer review).⁴

• p-values: 0.00162; 0.0344

Results: A significant change was observed in consumer price index measurements.⁹

• p-value: 0.00065

Results: Significant change in two studies.¹ ²

• p-values: 0.00471; 0.02683

• Dry mouth was reduced both subjectively and in objective measurements.⁵

• Use of the Lumoral® device improves oral hygiene (subjective and objective evaluation).¹ ² ⁷ ⁸ ¹⁰

• The use is perceived as simple and problem-free.⁷

• Long-term use (over one year) has reduced caries, plaque and calculus formation.⁷

1. Lähteenmäki H, Pätilä T, Räisänen IT, Kankuri E, Tervahartiala T, Sorsa T. (2022). Repeated Home-Applied Dual-Light Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy Can Reduce Plaque Burden, Inflammation, and aMMP-8 in Peri-Implant Disease—A Pilot Study. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8947626/

2. Pakarinen S, Saarela R, Välimaa H-M, Heikkinen AM, Kankuri E, Noponen M, Alapulli H, Tervahartiala T, Räisänen IT, Sorsa T, Pätilä T. (2022). A Randomized Trial of Home-Applied Dual-Light Photodynamic Therapy in Stable Chronic Periodontitis (HOPE-CP) – Interim Analysis of Half Cohort Results. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9689653/

3. Lähteenmäki H, Pätilä T, Räisänen IT, Kalliala R, Sorsa T. (2025). Peri-Implant Diseases: Enhanced Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cre2.70146

4. Tegelberg P, Ojala M, Ylipalosaari M, Lindroth J, Heikkinen AM, Lähteenmäki H, Pakarinen S, Räisänen IT, Sorsa T, Pätilä T. (2025). A Multicenter, Controlled, Randomized Trial of Home-Applied Dual-Light Photodynamic Therapy in Chronic Periodontitis. Preprint: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.03.25.25324596v1

5. Romppanen W, Helenius-Hietala J, Korte S, Pakarinen S, Saarela R, Heikkinen AM, Sorsa T, Pätilä T. (2025). Dual-Light Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy: Oral Health Improvements in Assisted Living Facilities Study Design (Article in Press)

6. Cavalcante-Bitu C, Halen P, Lehti S, Pakarinen S, Pätilä T. (2025). Regularly Home-applied Dual-light Photodynamic Therapy on Dental Hygiene- a Prospective Randomized Study in Healthy Adults. (Full study article manuscript TBD, Thesis available in Finnish: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/799188

7. Niva E, Kulmala H, Vakkuri S, Keinänen A-L, Korteniemi A. (2024). Thesis. Comfort of using the Lumoral device and feeling of oral cleanliness in healthy adults. https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/870703

8. Haukka H, Kinnunen S, Pakarinen S. (2024). Thesis. The benefits of the Lumoral Treatment -device for oral self-care habits. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-2024112630435

9. Sundberg E, Kylmänen M, Eerikäinen H, Pätilä T, Sivén M. (2024) Thesis. The effect of home-use antibacterial photodynamic treatment on clinical oral parameters of patients with grade II or higher periodontitis – Evaluating an innovative medical device. https://helda.helsinki.fi/items/e9f93e98-1387-4c33-ba12-54f73526b6ae

10. Gusseva L, Lill L, Runnel R, Pätilä T. (2025) Thesis. Regular Home-Use of Dual-Light Photodynamic Therapy in Oral Plaque Control in Healthy Adults-A Randomized Cross-Over Study. https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0264/6291/2621/files/Tarto_hygiene_study_thesis_En_22May2025.pdf?v=1748262952

11. Nikinmaa S, Alapulli H, Auvinen P, Vaara M, Rantala J, et al. (2020) Dual-light photodynamic therapy administered daily provides a sustained antibacterial effect on biofilm and prevents Streptococcus mutans adaptation. PLOS ONE 15(5): e0232775. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232775

12.Nikinmaa S, Moilanen N, Sorsa T, Rantala J, Alapulli H, Kotiranta A, Auvinen P, Kankuri E, Meurman JH, Pätilä T. Indocyanine Green-Assisted and LED-Light-Activated Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy Reduces Dental Plaque. Dentistry Journal. 2021; 9(5):52. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj9050052

Clinical study with Lumoral®

A clinical study published in a leading professional journal for dentists included 200 patients with periodontitis (stages I–III). The study investigated the effect of daily Lumoral® treatment as a supplement to supportive periodontal treatment. The results were evaluated after 3 and 6 months.

Patients who used Lumoral® at home as a supplement to standard treatment achieved significantly better results than patients who only performed standard treatment. This included less gum bleeding, lower plaque levels, and fewer periodontal pockets. The treatment also showed high patient compliance and a good safety profile.

The results indicate that daily Lumoral® treatment can be an effective supplement to periodontal maintenance treatment, helping patients control inflammation and maintain healthier gums between dental visits.

See the full article here: article link

• LumoNorth2022 Periodontitis multicenter I-III (Oulu, Kemi and Rovaniemi, Finland). Sponsored

Status: Peer review

Research team: Timo Sorsa, Paula Tegelberg, Meeri Ojala, Merja Ylipalosaari, Jori Lindroth, Petri Auvinen

Participants: 90

• CLEAN-BRACKET, Orthodontic treatment with fixed braces (Lund, Sweden). Sponsored

Status: Report writing

Research team: Ann-Marie Roos Jansåker, Katja Elses, Vanessa Larsson

Participants: 40

• Oral plaque control in healthy adults - a crossover study (Tartu, Estonia).

Status: Peer review

Research team: Riina Rünnel, Laura Gusseva, Liisa Lill, Tommi Pätilä

Participants: 30

• RSAA2021, oral hygiene in the elderly (Helsinki, Finland).

Status: Peer review

Research team: Riitta Saarela, Timo Sorsa, Saila Pakarinen, Jaana Helenius-Hietala, Wilma Romppainen, Sanna Korte, Tuuli Seitsamo, Taina Tervahartiala

Participants: 40

Peri-implant diseases: Enhanced antibacterial photodynamic therapy

H Lähteenmäki, T Pätilä, IT Räisänen, E Kankuri, T Tervahartiala, T Sorsa

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40387388/

In this randomized controlled study, the efficacy of antibacterial dual-light photodynamic therapy (aPDT) was investigated in patients with peri-implant disease.

40 patients with newly diagnosed peri-implant inflammation were randomized to either home treatment with dual-light aPDT for 4 weeks or enhanced self-care alone. The effect was evaluated by clinical measurements of plaque, bleeding, and the inflammation marker aMMP-8.

The treatment group showed a significant reduction in gingival bleeding and inflammation levels, while no similar improvements were observed in the control group.

The study concludes that regular use of dual-light aPDT effectively reduces inflammation around dental implants and has great potential as a safe and effective home treatment for implant patients.

Read the study here.

A multicenter, controlled, randomized trial of home-applied dual-light photodynamic therapy in chronic periodontitis

Paula Tegelberg, Meeri Ojala, M. Ylipalosaari, Jori Lindroth, A. Heikkinen, H. Lähteenmäki, Saila Pakarinen, I. Räisänen, Timo Sorsa, T. Pätilä

This multicenter, randomized controlled trial investigated the efficacy of Lumoral® dual-light antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in patients with chronic periodontitis (stage I-III). 41 patients were randomized to either standard NSPT (oral hygiene instructions and scaling/root planing) or NSPT with daily home-use of Lumoral. Clinical assessments were conducted at baseline, three months, and six months.

Results showed that both groups obtained significant improvements in visible plaque index (VPI) and bleeding on probing (BOP). However, the NSPT + Lumoral group experienced significantly greater reductions in BOP and VPI at six months. Moreover, the prevalence of periodontal pockets >4mm was significantly reduced in the Lumoral group, while the control showed no change. Periodontal epithelial surface area (PESA) and inflamed surface area (PISA) also decreased significantly in the Lumoral group.

Conclusion: Regular home use of Lumoral as an adjunct to NSPT improves clinical outcomes in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Read the study here.

The study showed that light-activated Lumoral treatment improves oral hygiene in people living in 24-hour care homes as part of normal oral hygiene. The Lumoral group had better oral hygiene and oral moisture (assessed objectively and subjectively).

The research article is currently undergoing peer review.

Plaque Study - Metropolia University of Applied Sciences (thesis)

C. Cavalcante-Bitu, P. Halen, S. Lehti / Supervisor: S. Pakarinen

https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/799188 (In Finnish with English abstract)

A plaque study conducted by dental hygienist students at Metropolia University of Applied Sciences (Helsinki, Finland) showed that using Lumoral® twice a week is beneficial for healthy individuals.

The study showed that the reduction in biofilm was significantly greater in the experimental group using Lumoral® than in the control group.

The purpose of the study was to investigate how effectively the antimicrobial treatment Lumoral® reduces biofilm in the mouth as a supplement to oral hygiene in healthy volunteers aged 18-70 years.

The largest study of periodontitis in Europe, HOPE-CP, shows that the results of periodontitis treatment improve significantly when daily Lumoral treatment is added to the self-care routine for periodontitis.

In 54% of the subjects in the Lumoral group, the bleeding on probing index (BOP) was reduced to a healthy level (BOP less than 10%). In two out of three (67%) patients treated with Lumoral, the number of deep gingival pockets was at least halved compared to the baseline situation. Both results were significantly better than in the control group. The number of deep (over 3 mm) gingival pockets was also reduced significantly more in the Lumoral group, and four subjects in the Lumoral group had no deep gingival pockets at all at the end of the period.

Read the study here.

The final report from the study (n=200) is currently under peer review.

Repeated home-based dual-light antibacterial photodynamic therapy may reduce plaque, inflammation, and aMMP-8 in peri-implant disease – a pilot study

Hanna Lähteenmäki, Tommi Pätilä, Ismo T Räisänen, Rauni Kalliala, Timo Sorsa

This pilot study investigated the effect of home-use Lumoral® with dual-light antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) in patients with peri-implantitis. Seven patients used the treatment daily for four weeks in addition to their regular oral hygiene.

The results showed:

• Reduced inflammation measured as lower aMMP-8 (p = 0.047)
• Less plaque (VPI, p = 0.03)
• Less bleeding on probing (BOP, p = 0.03)
• Slight improvements in peri-implant pocket depth (PPD, 1 mm, not significant)
  

Conclusion: Regular, home-based dual-light aPDT can reduce bacterial load and inflammation around dental implants. The study recommends further research in larger populations to document long-term effects.

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol.2022, 44(3), 1273-1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb44030085. Read the study here.

A case report of a 78-year-old man with vascular dementia showed that antibacterial treatment with Lumoral effectively eliminated harmful oral bacteria while treating advanced gingivitis. The study was published in Dentistry Journal.

The study shows that the recovery from severe periodontal disease during the 13-month follow-up period was excellent. Oral hygiene significantly improved, and the number of infected periodontal pockets considerably decreased. Additionally, the clinical attachment level improved. Only one infected periodontal pocket remained, and this can be argued to be due at least partially to occlusal trauma, the researchers note.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34063662/

This study investigated the efficacy of indocyanine green (ICG)-assisted antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) activated with LED light against dental plaque. Fifteen healthy adults participated in a four-day randomized trial where ICG was applied as a mouthwash, followed by 810 nm LED light on the treatment area.

The results showed that aPDT could effectively reduce plaque and degradation enzymes in the gums (MMP-8). Additionally, plaque bacteria such as Streptococcus, Acinetobacteria, Capnocytophaga, and Rothia were reduced. The study concludes that ICG-assisted aPDT has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proteolytic effects, supporting the technique's potential in the prevention and treatment of plaque-related gum problems.

Daily Administered Dual-Light Photodynamic Therapy Provides Sustained Antibacterial Effect on Staphylococcus aureus

Sakari Nikinmaa, Anna Podonyi, Peter Raivio, Jukka Meurman, Timo Sorsa, Juha Rantala, Esko Kankuri, Tuomas Tauriainen and Tommi Pätilä

https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101240

There is an urgent need for novel means to reduce excessive antibiotic consumption. This study tested dual-light aPDT against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms with various relative ratios of light energy and indocyanine green.

Results: Dual-light aPDT enhances the bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus biofilms compared to aPDT or aBL and provides a sustained effect. An increase in the relative ratio of aBL amplifies the antibacterial effect, primarily when the treatment is applied repeatedly. Therefore, the energy ratios of the light components are crucial in dual-light aPDT.

[ About Staphylococcus aureus: Also known as golden staph, it is a bacterium commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes, including in the mouth, of many people without causing disease. However, under certain circumstances, it can cause infections.]

Daily dual-light photodynamic therapy provides sustained antibacterial effect on biofilms and prevents adaptation of Streptococcus Mutans.

Nikinmaa S, Alapulli H, Auvinen P, Vaara M, Rantala J, Kankuri E, et al. (2020) PLOS ONE 15(5): e0232775.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232775

In this study, we tested Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilm sensitivity to
either aPDT, aBL, or their combination of dual-light aPDT (simultaneous aPDT and aBL)
exposure.

In conclusion, a single-wavelength aBL or aPDT leads to significant biofilm adaptation and increased viability in S. mutans when aPDT is repeatedly administered to S. mutans biofilms. The combined use of aBL light synchronously with aPDT stops adaptation and provides a significantly improved and sustained antibacterial effect.

[Lumoral uses 2 light wavelengths simultaneously, and the article shows that the combined use of the two has a significant effect on the bacterial species associated with "holes in teeth," more so than each individually]

[About Streptococcus mutans: Is a bacterial species primarily known for its role in the development of dental caries (holes in teeth). It forms a thick biofilm on the tooth surface and produces acids that break down tooth enamel. The biofilm protects the bacteria from the body's immune system and makes it difficult to remove plaque by brushing.]

Status: Peer review

Research team: Timo Sorsa, Paula Tegelberg, Meeri Ojala, Merja Ylipalosaari, Jori Lindroth, Petri Auvinen

Participants: 90

Status: Report writing

Research team: Ann-Marie Roos Jansåker, Katja Elses, Vanessa Larsson

Participants: 40

Status: Peer review

Research team: Riina Rünnel, Laura Gusseva, Liisa Lill, Tommi Pätilä

Participants: 30

Status: Peer review

Research Team: Riitta Saarela, Timo Sorsa, Saila Pakarinen, Jaana Helenius-Hietala, Wilma Romppainen, Sanna Korte, Tuuli Seitsamo, Taina Tervahartiala

Participants: 40

Status: Ongoing

Research team: Anna Maria Heikkinen, Kati Ylä-Tuuhonen, Katja Rauhala, Timo Sorsa, Jaana Hagström, Ulla Kotiranta, Taina Tervahartiala, Esko Kankuri.

Participants: 60 (recruitment closed)

Status: Ongoing

Research team: Ingrida Pacauskiene, Nomeda Basevičienė, Vita Mačiulskienė, Raimonda Guntulytė, Alma Pranckevičienė, Timo Sorsa, Ismo Räisänen, Petri Auvinen

Participants: 60 (follow-up in progress)

Status: Ongoing

Research team: Anna Maria Heikkinen, Millamari Sarja, Satu Kapanen, Teija Raivisto, Timo Kauppila, Ismo Räisänen, Tommi Pätilä, Timo Sorsa, Saila Pakarinen, Essi Teronen, Mikko Kylmänen

Participants: 120 (follow-up in progress)

Status: Ongoing

Research team: Nilminie Rathnayake, Timo Sorsa, Akke Kumlien, Monika Kala, Tommi Pätilä

Participants: 80 (follow-up in progress)

Status: Initiated

Research team: Harri Niskanen, Timo Sorsa, Katja Gustafsson, Karim Abdalla, Pekka Kallio

Participants: 40 (active recruitment)

Status: Ongoing

Research Team: Anna Maria Heikkinen, Patrick Saikkonen, Laura Mealonen, Miia Ehrnrooth, Timo Sorsa, Atte Vadén, Andreas Pfuetzner, Marko Helenius, Pirkko Pussinen, Timo Kauppila

Participants: 150 (active recruitment)

Status: Ongoing

Research Team: Paolo Giacomo Arduino, Elio Berutti, Giuseppe Garlo Iorio, Umberto Ricardi, Gugliemo Ramieri, Paolo Garzino Demo, Tommaso Mairano, Alessio Gambino, Giorgia El Haddad

Participants: 60 (actively recruiting)

Status: Ongoing

Research team: Ulla Marjosola, Minna Elomaa-Krapu, Maarit Valtonen, Tommi Pätilä, Pekka Ruuska, Mikko Kylmänen

Participants: 36 (follow-up in progress)

Status: Ongoing

Research team: Prof. Alberto De Biase, Prof. Anna Scotto d'Abusco, Dr. Marco Lollobrigida, Dr. Giulia Mazzucchi, Dr. Alessia Mariano

Participants: 30 (actively recruiting)

Status: Ongoing

Research team: Vanessa Faber, Professor Werner Birglechner

Participants: 52 (active recruitment)

Status: Ongoing

Research team: Hellevi Ruokonen, Karita Nylund, Nina-Li Avellan, Patricia Stoor, Kirsten Besuch, Viivi Mattila

Participants: 80 (follow-up in progress)

Status: Ongoing

Research team: Elisa Ronkainen, Juho Suojanen, Timo Sorsa, Junnu Leikola, Arja Heliövaara, Taina Tervahartiala

Participants: 15 (data analysis in progress)

Status: Ongoing

Research team: Dimitra Sakellari, Chrysoula Vakaki, Veta Doufexi, Timo Sorsa, Ismo Räisänen, Tommi Pätilä

Participants: 60 (data analysis in progress)

Status: Ongoing

Collaborative project with the Finnish Sjögrens Syndrome Association

Research Team: Saila Pakarinen, Milla Koivuluoma, Sini Laaksonen, Tommi Pätilä

Participants: 7 (data analysis in progress)